Daily intake of low-dose vitamin D often needs a long period to reach target vitamin D status, while maintaining long-term adherence is not easy. In addition to increasing sun exposure and dietary intake of vitamin D-rich foods, oral intake and intramuscular injection of vitamin D pharmaceutical preparations are two major routes to reach this target. Ī serum level of 25(OH)D ≥30 ng/ml is generally considered vitamin D sufficiency in adults.
As for the very elderly (aged 80 years and over), the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 65.7% among 367 Belgian, 75.8% among 1324 Chinese, and even as high as 89.5% among 153 Lithuanians.
Because of insufficient sunlight exposure, decreased function of the skin to synthesize vitamin D diminished intestinal absorption and/or dietary intake of vitamin D, and vitamin D deficiency is widespread in the elderly. On the other hand, vitamin D supplementation has been reported to accelerate inflammation resolution in hospitalized AECOPD patients, reduce mortality in mechanically ventilated patients, prevent acute respiratory tract infections, etc.
In addition to musculoskeletal diseases such as muscle weakness, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and fractures, it has been supposed to associate with an increased risk for a wide variety of clinically relevant conditions in adults such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), COVID-19, infectious diseases, diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune diseases. Vitamin D deficiency, which is defined as a serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) below 20 ng/mL, is an ever-increasing health concern globally.
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